A functional analysis of political television advertisements

Political television spots

Method : the functional approach to political advertising

In the beginning, 1952, 1956; the Democrats ascend, 1960, 1964

Nixon's return, 1968, 1972; after Watergate, 1976, 1980

Republicans in control, 1984, 1988; the end of the millennium, 1992, 1996

George W. Bush in the Oval Office, 2000, 2004; Barack Obama, African American president, 2008, 2012

Third-party candidate political TV spots : another choice

Other theories : issue ownership and functional federalism in political TV spots

Non-presidential and non-U.S. TV spots

Trends and contrasts of political television spots

Development of american political television spots

Conclusions and implications.