The Phenomena of Helplessness and Personal Control. The Theory of Learned Helplessness. Three Uses of "Learned Helplessness" Learned Helplessness: Inward, Downward, and Outward. Why Learned Helplessness Has Been Controversial. Why Learned Helplessness Has Been Popular
Learned Helplessness in Animals. The First Learned Helplessness Experiments. Learned Helplessness Theory. The Controversy.Contiguity versus Contingency.Representation and Expectation. What We Know. What We Don't Know
The Biology of Learned Helplessness. Norepinephrine. Gamma-aminobutyric Acid. Endogenous Opiates. Transmitters, Neuromodulators, and Hormones. Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH). Issues Omitted. What We Know. What We Don't Know
Learned Helplessness in People. Criteria of Learned Helplessness. Operationalizing Learned Helplessness in the Laboratory. A Meta-analysis of Human Helplessness Studies. Other Aspects of Human Helplessness. The Generality of Learned Helplessness among People.
Cognition and Self-report. Other Explanations. What We Know. What We Don't Know
5. The Attributional Reformulation. Historical Background: Attribution Theory and Theorizing. Causal Explanations and Locus of Control.
The Reformulated Learned Helplessness Model. Assessing Explanatory Style. Empirical Studies of Explanatory Style. What We Know. What We Don't Know
Learned Helplessness and Depression. What Is Depression? The Reformulation of the Learned Helplessness Model of Depression. Modernity and Depression. Controversies. What We Know. What We Don't Know
Learned Helplessness and Social Problems. Criteria for Learned Helplessness. Survey of Applications. What We Know. What We Don't Know
Learned Helplessness and Physical Health. Some Ground Rules. Risk Factors for Illness. Mechanisms. Health and Illness in Animals versus People. What We Know. What We Don't Know
9. Epilogue. A Brief History of Choices. The Importance of Control.
Learned Helplessness as a Model of Scientific Dispute and Progress. Learned Helplessness and the Age of Personal Control. Optimism Institutes.
