Climate change biology

Section 1 Introduction : A new discipline : climate change biology

The climate system and climate change

Section 2 The impacts of human induced climate change : Species range shifts

Phenology : changes in timing of biological events due to climate change

Ecosystem change

Section 3 Lessons from the past : Past terrestrial response

Past marine ecosystem changes

Past freshwater changes

Extinctions

Section 4 Looking to the future : Insights from experimentation

Modeling species and ecosystem response

Estimating extinction risk from climate change

Section 5 Implications for conservation : Adaptation of conservation strategies

Connectivity and landscape management

Species management

Section 6 Finding solutions, international policy and action : Mitigation : reducing greenhouse gas emissions, sinks, and solutions

Extinction risks from climate change solutions

Assessing risks, designing solutions.