American trade politics

Origin: 1934-70

The root problem: political imbalance

The 1934 system: protection for Congress

Protecting Congress from Trade Pressures

The System's Advantages and Limits

The System's Contradictions

Erosion and adaptation: 1971-94

A tougher world: changes in the context of trade policy

15 August as Prologue

The Trade Explosion

The "Decline" of the United States

The Rise of New Competitors

The Erosion of the GATT

Stagflation

Floating Exchange Rates and Dollar "Misalignment"

Economic Tripolarity and the End of the Cold War

A Tougher World

A less protected Congress

Congressional Reform and the Weakening of Ways and Means

Renewing the Delegation of Power: The "Fast-Track" Procedures

Industry-Specific Proposals: The Automobile Case

Committee Competition and Policy Entrepreneurship

The Trade and Tariff Act of 1984: Pressure Contained

1985-88: The Years of Trade

The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988

NAFTA and Fast-Track Renewal

1984 and After: The Leadership Difference

An embattled executive

STR's Early Ups and Downs

Strauss and the MTN: The STR on Center Stage

The Executive Broker and Its Critics

The Carter Reorganization

Reagan I: Commerce Versus USTR

USTR and Presidential Ambivalence

Liberal Words, Protectionist Deeds

Reagan II: An Eight-Month Vacuum

Reagan II: The Shift to Activism

Targeting the World: Section 301

Targeting Japan: From MOSS to Semiconductor Sanctions

Working the Trade Bill: Damage Limitation

Carla Hills and Super 301

Geneva Versus Mexico City?

NAFTA but Not (Yet) GATT

Changing the rules: the rise of administrative trade remedies

Through the Early 1970's: Little Relief

The Trade Act of 1974

The Result: Slightly More Relief

The Trade Agreements Act of 1979

The Declining Use of the Escape Clause

The Decline of Trade Adjustment Assistance

The Upsurge in "Unfair Trade" Cases

Forcing Political Solutions

Steel Wins Comprehensive Protection

New Legislative Initiatives

The Uruguay Round Antidumping Agreement

Administrative Remedies: A Balance Sheet on 1980-94

The Limits of Administrative Remedies

The national arena: new dimensions of conflict

An "Amazing Political Reversal"?

A Newly Ambivalent Elite

Challenges to Laissez-Faire Trade Doctrine

New Patterns of Interest Group Politics

Conclusions

Triumph! NAFTA and the WTO

Back from the Precipice

From Candidate to President

The NAFTA Debate: Critics Rush to Fill the Vacuum

Clinton Recovers, and Wins Big

China, Japan, and APEC

Brussels and Geneva: Completing the Uruguay Round

US Business, Human Rights, and the China Market

Japan: Failure and Modest Success

Implementing the Uruguay Round: A Slow Start

Antidumping: Reversing the Round

The Loss of Future Fast Track

The WTO and US "Sovereignty"

Delaying the Process: Dole, Hollings, and Gingrich

From Partisan Wrangle to Bipartisan Victory

End of an Era?

Polarization: 1995-

The decline of traditional protectionism

Economic Resurgence

Clinton and Barshefsky: Business (Mostly) As Usual

Trade Remedies, Especially Antidumping

The World Trade Organization

Reemergence of the Trade Deficit-and Its Lesser Political Impact

The Globalization of US Business

Two Questions

New issues, new stalemate

Threat to the Social Contract?

Impact of NAFTA

Clinton's Fast-Track Fiasco

Dilemmas of Substance and Process

The Battles of Seattle

Normalizing China

Partisan rancor and trade politics in the new century

Polarization of Congressional Politics

Decline of House Bipartisanship on Trade

The House Bill in 2001: Partisan Contention

Bipartisan Compromise in the Senate

Zoellick and "Competitive Liberalization"

Cancun-and Geneva

Into the Second Bush Administration

Implications

Conclusion: Making America fit for globalization

Bringing the Benefits of Imports Out of the Closet

Lukewarm Public Support for Trade Expansion

Uneven Distribution of Gains from Trade Expansion

Two Key Preconditions: Macroeconomic Balance and Productivity Improvement

Completing the Transition to Globalization

Completing the Transition to Globalization at Home

Appendix A Trade Promotion Authority in 2001: The Bargain That Wasn't.