Introduction / Bob de Graaff and James M. Nyce
Albania: change and continuity / Arjan Dyrmishi
Austria: an intelligence hub coming out of the shadows / Siegfried Beer
Belgium: a modern legal and policy framework for intelligence services with a long tradition / Dirk Van Daele
Bosnia and Herzegovina: historical development of the intelligence and security system / Maid Pajević
Bulgaria: a centenary unknown history / Jordan Baev
Croatia: construction and deconstruction of the Croatian intelligence community (1990-2014) / Gordan Akrap and Miroslav Tud̄man
Czechoslovakia: the Czech path between totalitarianism and democracy / Prokop Tomek
Denmark: from state security to security state: the invention of preventive security / Lars Erslev Andersen
Estonia: intelligence and security in the Twentieth Century / Eero Medijainen
Finland: the intelligence services in a cultural and historical context / Juho Kotalkallio
France: the intelligence services' historical and cultural context / Eric Denécé
Germany: an intelligence community with a fraught history / Wolfgang Krieger
Greece: the need for modernization in an unstable environment / John Nomikos
Iceland: a small state learning the intelligence ropes / Jakob Thor Kristjánsson
Ireland: Plus Ca Change, 1945-2015 / Eunan O'Halpin
Italy: from Secret Services to intelligence / Marco Lombardi and Laris Gaiser
Lithuania: the challenge of merging the present and the past / Vaidotas Urbelis
Luxembourg: a country which did not need an intelligence service? / Gérald Arboit
Montenegro: trends and patterns in the intelligence sector / Dražen Cerović, Nenad Koprivica, and Danijela Vujošević
The Netherlands: almost full circle / Bob de Graaff
Norway: peaceful state, crucial geography, upheaval, and reform / Njord Wegge
Poland: the Special Services since the independence / Artur Gruszczak
Portugal: particulars of the Portuguese Intelligence Services / Teresa Rodrigues and José Duarte de Jesus
Romania: an introduction to its intelligence services / Larry L. Watts
Serbia: an awkward legacy / Predrag Petrovic
Slovakia: state security and intelligence since 1945 / Matej Medvecký and Jerguš Sivoš
Slovenia: the intelligence system, its development, and some key challenges / Iztok Prezelj
Spain: intelligence in context today / Antonio M. Diaz-Fernández
Sweden: a delicate liaison / Wilhelm Agrell and Gunilla Erickson
Switzerland: intelligence in the new security paradigm / Jacques Baud
Ukraine: KGB to Security Service of Ukraine (SBU)
The United Kingdom: organization and oversight after Snowden / Peter Gill.
