The world from 1000 BCE to 300 CE

The new world of the early first millennium BCE (ca. 12th century BCE-11th century BCE)

The early Iron Age (ca. 10th-7th centuries BCE)

East meets west: the rise of Persia (ca. 6th-5th centuries BCE)

The new world of the Macedonian kingdoms (ca. 4th-2nd centuries BCE)

The rise of the peripheries: Rome and China (ca. 3rd-2nd centuries BCE)

A new order in Afro-Eurasia (ca. 2nd century BCE-2nd century CE)

Crisis and recovery (3rd century CE).