Liberal beginnings: making a republic for the moderns

Beginnings

The rhetoric of the market : Adam Smith on recognition, speech, and exchange

Agonistic liberalism : Adam Ferguson on modern commercial society and the limits of classical republicanism

After the king : Thomas Paine's and James Madison's institutional liberalism

Embracing liberalism : Germaine de Staël's farewell to republicanism

On the liberty of the moderns : Benjamin Constant and the discovery of an immanent liberalism

After republicanism : a coda.